Gilmans “The Yellow Wallpaper” and Steinbecks “The Chrysanthemums Essay Example for Free

Gilmans â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Steinbecks â€Å"The Chrysanthemums Essay â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are short stories which have a female hero battling through a stifling marriage and living in a general public that says that ladies can not exist outside of marriage. The Chrysanthemums composed by John Steinbeck is a tale about a lady worn and persecuted by a male ruled world. A world which breaks a womans will, strips away their humankind, and darkens who they truly are and what they truly deeply desire. Eliza, a wedded lady overlooked by her significant other and the world, has discovered a touch of satisfaction in her nursery. It is here that she discovers comfort and solace. The blossoms are her partners. Essentially, in The Yellow Wallpaper, written in the century prior to The Chrysanthemums, is likewise about the persecution of ladies in the public arena by men. On a superficial level it was the account of a lady who has a youngster and experienced despondency. Her significant other, who is additionally her primary care physician, endorsed the â€Å"The Mitchell Treatment†. This was a standard treatment for every single mental issue during this time which comprised of disconnection and rest. The lady, the primary character, was put in a storage room for a month of recuperation. Her solitary partner was the stripping yellow backdrop. At long last, the two ladies discover, brief as it might be, opportunity. Despite the fact that composed decades separated, both Steinbeck and Gilman use images and character improvement to build up a subject of female persecution and endurance. The significant image in Steinbecks short story is the Chrysanthemum blossom. Chrysanthemums are healthy blossoms which need explicit consideration, persistence, and tending. Like kids, they should be thought about day by day, rewarded with sensitive and delicate hands. Inside her nursery heaven she conceals herself, as a lady. Steinbeck depicts her as a lady that wears a man’s dark cap pulled wicked good over her eyes, hick shoes, a figured print dress totally secured by a major corduroy apron†¦ (1). Eliza, who is childless, invests heavily and comfort in her capacity to develop these astounding blossoms. They speak to for her the kids she was always unable to have. She is very defensive of these blossoms mindful and taking care of them like mother nursing her child. She makes a lodging of wire to guarantee that [n]o aphids, no sowbugs or snails or cutworms are there. Her terrier fingers [destroy] such irritations before they [can] begin (1). Like pointy corners of tables and light attachments, Eliza shields her kids from the dangers of life. She thinks about this blossoms like she wishes somebody had thought about her delicate fingertips stroking her own sprouts. These blossoms move the main close minutes that happened among Eliza and her significant other in the whole short story. He spouse stops by her nursery and reveals to her how beautiful her blossoms are. She reddens and Steinbeck sees all over there [is] a little smugness(1). Eliza brings forth these stunning animals which bring such a great amount of excellence to the world, and supplies Eliza with her lone taste of parenthood (Demott 3). Also, Gilman utilizes the image of yellow backdrop. The Yellow Wall-Paper is a little abstract artful culmination. For right around fifty years it has been ignored, as has its creator, one of the most ordering women's activists of her time. Presently, with the new development of the women's activist development, Charlotte Perkins Gilman is being rediscovered, and The Yellow Wall-Paper should partake in that rediscovery. The account of a womans mental breakdown (Gilman 37). A significant image in The Yellow Wallpaper is simply the backdrop. The Yellow backdrop was a recognizable character in pragmatist fiction and was frequently seen as disagreeable. (Roth). The storyteller is irritated and in the end shocked by her lone partner, the yellow designed backdrop. The advancement of what the backdrop represented equals the psychological condition of the storyteller. At the point when the storyteller previously settled down to her months worth of rest in the upper room of her home, it is the backdrop she despised most. It was old, worn out, and a messy yellow shading. She remarked that the more regrettable piece of the backdrop was the dull example. She considered about the backdrop : It is sufficiently dull to befuddle the eye in following, sufficiently articulated to continually bother and incite study, and when you follow the faltering unsure bends for a little separation they out of nowhere submit suicideplunge off at incredible edges, annihilate themselves in unbelievable inconsistencies. The shading is repellent, practically loathsome; a seething messy yellow, oddly blurred by the moderate turning daylight (Gilman 24). The example turned into the focal point of a great part of the storytellers time. She endeavored on numerous events to make sense of what the example was with no achievement. She is distraught, obviously, at this point, decreased to a suspicious schizophrenic who composes, Ive got out finally disregarding you and Jane. Furthermore, Ive pulled off the vast majority of the paper, so you cannot return me! (36).(Bak). Following a few days of attempting she started to see a sub design which must be seen at specific pieces of the day relying upon the measure of light being separated through the windows. She concluded that the sub design is that of a lady who is crawling along the floor on her knees, not in any event, having the option to stand. She states â€Å"There is a repetitive spot where the example lolls like a messed up neck and two bulbous eyes gaze at you upside down† (Gilman 25). This lady was detained by the fundamental example and wished distinctly to get away from her confine. The fundamental example turned out to be obvious to the storyteller. She accepted the primary example were leaders of those ladies who endeavored to get away yet were captured between the bars. Plainly as the month passed the psychological condition of the storyteller turned out to be progressively precarious. The backdrop and its example likewise spoke to the cultural chains (treatment, family, and marriage) which have detained her for such a long time. The yellow backdrop has gotten interchangeable with the local bars which caught ladies in their second rate jobs as spouses and mother during the 1800s. Using the two images, Steinbeck and Gilman track the inward clash of their particular heroes. In Steinbecks short story, it is the Chrysanthemum which are in a roundabout way liable for Eliza arousing. The chrysanthemums make a circumstance where Eliza meets a man which invigorates and re-lights her female exotic nature, that has been for some time overlooked. Steinbeck depicts Eliza deprived of her female side and like her home, that she was hard-cleared and hard-cleaned (1). Henry neglects to notice and underestimates the female characteristics which Eliza brings to the relationship. His adoration for her didn't exist any longer. The couple lives like outsiders. Eliza, compliant and steadfast, doesn't addresses her discontent with her significant other and their relationship stays vacant. He comments, to her about her chrysanthemums, I wish youd turn out to be in the plantation and raise a few apples that enormous (1). She is angry and troubled which makes her cover up in her nursery. One evening while she is taking care of her blossoms she meets a voyaging sales rep who stops and appreciates her blossoms. Steinbeck depicts the outsider in the accompanying manner: Elisa saw that he was an extremely large man. In spite of the fact that his hair and whiskers were turning gray, he didn't look old. His ragged dark suit was wrinkled and spotted with oil. The giggling had vanished from his face and eyes the second his chuckling voice stopped. His eyes were dull, and they were loaded with the agonizing that gets according to teamsters and of mariners. The calloused hands he laid on the wire fence were broken, and each break was a dark line. He removed his battered cap. (1) At the point when he plays with her in a roundabout way, she liquefies. She is anxious for the consideration a man provides for a lady. The outsider outwardly touches the blossoms, remarking that the blossoms resembled sensitive brisk puff[s] of hued smoke,(243) and she can feels his fingers like they were on her skin. Chrysanthemums speak to Eliza long last exotic nature and her should be satisfied truly and inwardly. Eliza rapidly reacts and [tears] off the battered cap and [shakes] out her dull pretty hair(1). The cool Elisa out of nowhere turns into the picture of impeccable gentility delicate and streaming, differentiating against the solid male. She is pulled in to him and offers him the main blessing she can, a sear red chrysanthemum an image of her holy gentility. Through this incitement, Eliza is motivated to again connect with her body and soul (Wilson 34). After a supper eaten peacefully with a man who doesn't adore her, Eliza is compelled to persevere through the vehicle trip home. Sobbing, and gazing out the window she sees her bleeding red chrysanthemums hurled out and about, and she feels her spirit bite the dust by and by. Gilman uses her image of the yellow backdrop similarly, her hero is first detained and afterward stirred by the backdrop. Gilman effectively states through her utilization of imagery and the psychological weakening of the portrayal that ladies, when the new century rolled over, experiencing dysfunctional behavior were abused. Her significant other, who is likewise her primary care physician, recommended the â€Å"The Mitchell Treatment† (Hume). This was a standard treatment for every psychological issue during this time which comprised of disconnection and rest. The lady, the fundamental character, was set in an upper room for a month of recuperation. Her solitary friend was the stripping yellow backdrop. Gradually the anonymous storyteller slipped into profound burdensome psychosis. It isn't until she avoided off the treatment and the imperceptible cultural chains that she turns out to be well once more. The topic of abuse is overwhelmingly present in both short stories. Elizas endowment of the chrysanthemum speaks to the physical communication between a man and a lady. After the more odd leaves, with enliven breath, she nearly drifts into her home and draws herself a hot shower. She

Religious Journey Essay

The religion that I was raised is Baptist. I have heard that southern Baptists are exacting however I didn't ever need to do anything severe. My folks took me to chapel when I was more youthful yet after about the age of 10 I once in a while went once more. They got separated and it was extremely difficult for my mother to raise us and work constantly, so I surmise church vacated the premises. Anyway I have consistently had faith in God and I attempt to consistently make the best choice. I implore around evening time, however I despite everything don't go to chapel despite the fact that I might want to. For some time I analyzed religion to an extreme and I addressed on the off chance that he was genuine, however after the tales I’ve knew about individuals kicking the bucket and being restored they state they went to paradise. This made me a solid adherent and that is the reason I petition God for my family and everything else. In the event that I had not gone to chapel during my parents’ separate from it would have been significantly harder for me to comprehend and get past it. It was an extremely frightful separation and the guardianship fight kept going two long years. Going to chapel helped me comprehend as well as it gave me something more grounded to have faith in. The separation was extremely hard on me. The religion that I practice presently is simply being a Christian. I don't generally have the foggiest idea about the contrast among Baptist and Christianity. I simply realize that I put stock in God and attempt to carry on with my life the correct way so one day I can go to paradise ideally. I generally concede my transgressions and request pardoning. I petition God for my loved ones now and again the entire world. It causes me to feel better since it is an option that could be greater than me. I truly feel like some of the time God will test us, however he generally appears to improve it. I would state that religion and having confidence in God has made me a more grounded and more joyful individual. I couldn’t envision not putting stock in anything I realize that life would be much harder. The explanation I chose to be a Christian rather than Baptist is on the grounds that I don't have the foggiest idea about the distinction for one, however I additionally need the opportunity to trust in God the manner in which I need to. I feel like Christianity gives you more opportunity to have faith in God your own particular manner. I don't go to chapel, however that’s not the point. Being a Christian just felt like the correct approach throughout everyday life.

PESTEL Analysis of Tesco Business Essay

PESTEL Analysis of Tesco Business Essay PESTEL analysis is one of the strategic analytical tools used for business environment analysis; it mostly concerns the company’s external environment and factors affecting its operation. PESTEL is an abbreviation for political, economic, social, technology, environmental, and legal factors influencing the company. This business essay applies PESTEL analysis to evaluate the environment of Tesco. Political factors stand for the impact of the government on the business (Dooley Dransfield, 2006). In this domain, Tesco has strong connections with the Labor party (though the company’s authorities deny any connections and political affiliations), and produces a strong impact politically on the policies of tax reduction and expansion permissions. Economic factors relate to the state economy’s status and the way in which the domestic economic situation affects demand for the firm’s products (Harrison, 2013). The global economic crisis hit Tesco sharply, with consistent reporting of slowing earnings. However, they did not turn into losses thus far, only reflecting the falling expandable income of population stricken by the crisis and facing numerous layoffs. Social factors mean the population’s trends and features affecting the company’s popularity and performance (Dooley Dransfield, 2006). The major social factor to be considered by Tesco is the gradual ageing of the UK population, which requires going more mobile and offering flexible delivery options. Moreover, people are getting ever more health-conscious, so a stronger emphasis on healthy food offers may also attract more customers to Tesco. In the conditions of continuing consequences of the global financial crisis, keeping prices low and competitive enough may also be a beneficial approach in terms of preserving positive attitudes and popularity among consumers. Technological factors are evaluated as the state of technological progress, new technology adoption, etc. affecting the promotion of company’s products (Harrison, 2013). A globally dominant technological factor affecting Tesco at present is the increasing adoption of online shopping and mobile internet technology. Hence, shopping in physical supermarkets becomes less popular, especially among individuals who work and have scarce time for shopping. In connection with that, Tesco may preserve its competitiveness by offering more interactive tools to users, such as online pre-order of goods or online ordering of delivery. A mobile shopping application may also manifest Tesco’s embrace of the current technological trends and renew popularity among some categories of consumers losing their interest in physical shopping in favor of mobile and online options. More free time? Better grade? Click on this button nowOrder Now Environmental factors determine the customers’ attitude to the company as eco-friendly and environmentally sustainable, which determines the demand for its products and its reputation (Dooley Dransfield, 2006). In this regard, Tesco follows an explicit environmental strategy including control over greenhouse gas emissions, striving to zero net deforestation by 2020, sustainable sourcing of seafood, and focusing on the sustainable agricultural supply chains. Tesco also boasts next to zero discharge of hazardous chemicals and active involvement into reuse and recycling initiatives (Tesco, 2017). The legal environment of a business relates to the new and existing laws in the country of business’s operation and ways in which they affect company’s functioning (Harrison, 2013). In the legal domain, Tesco’s main concern is about monopoly and competition laws, which is the primary basis of its competitive advantage and survival in the increasingly competitive market. After the crisis, many small businesses have experienced problems with retail market entry, but Tesco should still monitor the situation to maintain a competitive edge and popularity among consumers.

Internal Versus External Agent - 1661 Words

INTRODUCTION Every major or minor organizational change or crisis requires change agents or change leaders. A change agent is an individual who has the expertise and influence to stimulate, facilitate, and coordinate the change effort. It takes courage to become a change agent and need a new mindset towards organizational members and performance and a readiness to take risks, dilemma to deal with uncertainty and conflicts, and so on. A change agent is required to develop expertise such as problem solving skills, ability to foresee long-term perspective and to tolerate rejection, including failure. Therefore, to achieve any change effort depends on the quality and workability of the relationship between the change agent and the members†¦show more content†¦It is important for a change agent to have the knowledge and skills to function effectively. COMPARISON BETWEEN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHANGE AGENTS Change agents can be either external or internal. Giant organization hire consultants from outside the firm known as external change agents. Managers or HR professionals who had worked in the organization for an extensive period of time are internal change agents. Both types require the basic essentials of being a successful change agent for the organization. However, there are advantages and disadvantages of having either of them. The main differences can be further categorized in terms of stage of change, which are entering, contracting, diagnosing, intervening and evaluating. During the entering stage of the change agent, the most notable difference is the familiarization time. It is clear that internal change agents have an advantage over external ones, in this area. Internal change agents have ready access to clients, company language and even the root cause. This saves the familiarization time. With this, they are able to easily identify organization’s informal practices as well as power source. 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However, there is one slight difference with the sense-making approach, in that the second stage is more the about rebalance where the organization balances the external environment with its internal environment. An example of a key issue associated to this from the case study is the fact that it appears those responsible for the Future Size and Shape recovery program, did not take the first stage into consideration. More specifically

Latin Americ A Great Deal Of Progress - 1340 Words

Although Latin America has experienced a great deal of progress since the first modern movements in the 1920s, contemporary international artist from Latin America still has a tough road ahead of them before they can separate their work from their roots in the eyes of the international community. But I believe that is easier today more than ever. Although I don t want to lump all Latin American countries together, which are very different from each other, but we cannot discuss one only in Latin America. What I want to do is discuss this shared common ground of ideas that exist between the artist and work to a common history that comes from 300 years of colonial occupation by countries like Spain or Portugal. But also a shared history†¦show more content†¦The event that set a lot of these feelings in motion was the Semana de Arte moderna, which was an art festival in Sao Paul, Brazil, that latest from February 11th to February 18th, 1922. This event marked the start of Brazil ian Modernism, which introduced Brazilian artists modernist work to their society at large. By the early twentieth century, Latin Americans began to recognize their unique identity and began to follow their own cultural path. Latinos have been described by Goldman and Cannitzer as not wanting to aspire to enter an already given [North] America but to participate in the construction of a new hegemony dependent upon their cultural practices and discourses (16). Many of these artists today who have been influenced by the generations before and recognize the work that those generations did in opening the doors for the events that are unfolding today. Artists today deal with deconstructing notions of Latin America when many conceptions of them exist. Also, expanding the notion of what Latin America could be but also creating a wider open field of dialogue. They come with a very specific way of viewing the world with their own lens instead of one given to them by other cultures. Latin Am erican artists today have to try to contextualize Latin America in the art world. What they have to discuss today is very much about making choices.

Reproductive System Free Essays

Divisions of pituitary glands, hormones secreted by each Anterior Pituitary (dehydrogenation’s) GHZ-Growth Hormone Protraction CATCH-Terminologically hormone FISH-Follicle-stimulating hormone LO-Eluting hormone Posterior Pituitary (neurophysiology) DAD-Antipathetic hormone Extinction Structures of Male Female Reproductive Organs Males: Vass Deferent urethra Penis Glands Penis Prepuce (foreskin) Seminal Vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prostate Gland Polyurethane Gland Epidermis Testis Scrotum Female: Ovary uterus Endometrial Anemometry Promethium (Pentium) Cervix Vagina Fallopian Tube Production of Sperm 1 . Testes 2. Epidermis 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Reproductive System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vass deferent 4. Seminal Vesicle 5. Prostate gland 7. Urethra 8. Penis 9. Chromosome, #, gender determination 10. Zygote: 46 chromosomes (23 from egg, 23 from sperm) 11. Gender is determined at conception by the sperm (x) 12. Congenital vs†¦ Hereditary Disease Congenital Disease: conditions are present at the time of birth Hereditary Disease: genetically transmitted 13. Mechanism of the Birth Control Pill 14. Is a pharmacological agent that contains estrogen progesterone. As the load levels of estrogen progesterone increase, negative feedback inhibits the secretion of FISH by the anterior pituitary. This process prevents ovulation, no egg means no baby. 15. Endocrine Glands Hormones secreted by each 16. Each gland are ductless glands, they secrete hormones directly into the blood and not into ducts Pituitary Glands-GHZ, Protraction, CATCH, FISH, LO, TTS, DAD, extinction Hypothalamus-releases a releasing hormone Pineal Gland-melatonin Thyroid -collocation, Thyroxin (TO), Trinitrotoluene (TO) Parathyroid-parathyroid hormone Thymus-thymine Adrenals-epinephrine, morphogenesis, lodestone, cortical Ovaries-estrogen progesterone Pancreas-insulin clangor Testes-Testosterone 17. Fertilization-gestation steps 18. The fertilized egg is called a zygote, zygote is the first cell off new individual. The zygote begins to divide, forming a cluster of cells, that slowly makes its way thru the fallopian tube towards uterus. 19. Hyper Hypoglycemia, symptoms Hyperglycemia: Excessive thirst Fruity odor in breath Excretion of large volume of urine Excessive eating Hypoglycemia: Fainting Weakness 20. 1. 24. 25. 26. 27. Uterine Cycle Loss of a part of the endometrial lining blood The Proliferation Phase: The inner lining thickens becomes vascular, primarily in response to estrogen The Secretors Phase: The endometrial lining is becoming lush moist from increased secretors activity, the secretors phase is dominated by progesterone 28. Ovarian Cycle: 29. Phases: follicular phase ululate phase The ululate phase of the ovarian cycle begins immediately after ovulation is dominated by the secre tion of progesterone by the corpus lutetium In the nonappearance state the corpus lutetium deteriorates In the pregnant state the corpus lutetium stays alive because of human chronic intimidation (hug) During follicle phase the ovarian follicle mature secretes estrogen 30. Cushing syndrome 31 . Hyperactive adrenal; deterioration Moon face Buffalo Facial hair Easily bruises 32. Grave’s Disease 33. Hyperthyroidism; characterized by an increase in heart rate, increase in peristalsis resulting in diarrhea, elevation in body temperature, hyperactivity, weight loss wide emotional mood swings 34. Insulin Cellophane Fax Insulin: Secreted by beta cells of the islets of Lanterns; helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats; lowers blood glucose levels Cellophane: Secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Lanterns; raises blood glucose levels 35. Vermin Langue Vermin Cases: The skin is covered by a white, cheese-like substance. Thought to protect the delicate fetal skin from the amniotic fluid. Langue: When the fetus grows, its skin becomes covered by a fine downy hair 36. 37. 39. 40. Gestational Stages (pregnancy) 41. The time of prenatal developmental: Normal gestation period lasts 38 weeks or about 9 moss. Divided into trimesters: 1st semesters: months 2nd trimester: months 4,5,6 3rd trimesters: months,8,9 42. Iatrogenic Agents Drugs Alcohol Radiation Thalidomide How to cite Reproductive System, Papers

William Shakespeare s Othello Jealousy examples Essay Example For Students

William Shakespeare s Othello Jealousy examples Essay Jealous Much Tyree Smith Mr. Welch Crete-Monee High School ?Jealous is feeling or showing envy of someone or their achievements or advantages. Think back to a time when you felt jealous of someone or something. One of the biggest themes that took place in Othello was jealousy. Several times in the book jealousy occurred. Iago is upset because Othello chose Michael Cassio as his lieutenant. Brabantio is jealous because the Moor stole his daughters love. Othello gets jealous when he finds out Desdemona is unfaithful. Jealousy is a result of circumstances and manipulation.?In the beginning of the play, Iago is upset because Othello selected Micheal Cassio as his lieutenant. He is jealous of Cassios position both in military and with Othello’s service. â€Å"I hate the Moor and it is thought abroad, that twist my sheets ‘Has done my office. I know not if’t be true, But I formere suspicion in that kind will do as if for surety.† Iago claims he hates Othello because he got an promotion and he hates Othello because he hears a rumor about Othello has been hooking up with Iago’s wife. Iago also felt he could be a better lieutenant because he had more experience. Iago had more experience but Cassio knew more about the role but no experience. Which is why Iago thinks he isn’t worthy enough for that role. ?Being a father is tough. Especially when have a daughter that falls in love with a man you dislike. If you think that is tough, think about the pain Brabantio had to go through. â€Å"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter/ and the moor are now making the beast with two backs.† Iago stired up some drama between Brabantio and Othello. His crude euphemistic metaphor remarks Iago’s crassne. .Selected bibliography.Gurr, Andrew. The Shakespearean Stage: 1574-1642. Third edition. Cambridge, England: Cambridge UP, 1992. An authoritative text about the companies, the players, their playhouses and audiences.Hill, Errol. Shakespeare in Sable: A History of Black Shakespearean Actors. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1984. About actors and productions with all-black or mixed casts.Kay, Dennis. Shakespeare. 1992. Recent, readable biography of Shakespeare and his times.Modern Language Association annual bibliography.).Papp, Joseph and Elizabeth Kirkland. Shakespeare Alive! NY: Bantam, 1988. A lively introduction to Elizabethan thought, Shakespeare s sources and theatre and stage history of Shakespearean production.Shakespeare Quarterly. Annual bibliography that is exhaustive on articles, productions, editions, translations of Shakespeare. Annotated entries.

Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared Essay Example

Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared Essay TASK Write a well documented paper on the education system with specific reference to: brief background, aims/goals of education,thestructureoftheeducation system, administration, financing,teachingprofession,challengesand lessons Kenya would learn or borrow. Choose one of these countries Nigeria, Australia, Canada, or China. Background of Nigeria Education Nigeria education has evolved through a number of phases. The education system in Nigeria has been formed by a number of influences, the colonial influence, the influence of the military rule in Nigeria and then the impact of independence and a new constitution. The progress of education in the southern states of Nigeria reveals the involvement of the Christian missionaries towards the education system in Nigeria during the colonial period. Nigeria education was slowly but soundly developing during the colonial time until the conclusion of World War II. The Christian missionaries introduced the western education system in Nigeria in the mid nineteenth century. Three fundamentally distinct education systems existed in Nigeria in 1990. They were, the indigenous system, the Quranic schools, and formal European-style educational institutions. Higher Education in Nigeria originated with the colonial government launching the Yaba higher college. Education in Nigeria became the responsibility of the state and local councils according to the 1979 constitution. First six years of primary education was made mandatory, which was a significant factor in the development of education in Nigeria. There has been a noticeable upgrading of educational facilities in Nigeria in the latest years. The apparent rate for adult illiteracy in the year 2000 is 35.9%. The Structure of Nigeria Education System The local and state governments manage primary and secondary education in Nigeria. Higher education is the responsibility of both the federal and the state governments. We will write a custom essay sample on Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Education is free but not compulsory at present in Nigeria. The formal education system includes six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four years of university education consequently directing towards a bachelors level degree in the majority of the subjects. The annual term of school in Nigeria stretch through ten months, and is sectioned into three ten to twelve weeks periods each at the pre-primary, primary, junior and senior secondary stages. Nigeria Education includes a significant stage of language education. Primary education in Nigeria starts in the native language but brings in English in the third year. Administration and Organization of Education System The current administrative system is divided into the Federal Capital Territory and 36 states. The management of education in Nigeria is based on this federal system, so that while basic educational policy regarding structure, curriculum and school year is centrally determined, some powers over educational delivery are devolved to state and local government. In effect, education is administered by three branches of government: primary education is under the control of local governments, secondary schools fall under the jurisdiction of the state government and higher education is administered by both the federal and state government. Administrative Bodies and Agencies * The Federal Ministry of Education, through the National Council of Education (NCE), coordinates education policies and procedures through the federation. * The Joint Consultative Committee (JCC) is an independent body of professional educators acting in an advisory capacity to both the federal and state ministries of education, universities, institutes of education and other education agencies. * The National Universities Commission (NUC) operates under the Federal Ministry of Education and is mandated to approve programmes, to monitor universities and to accredit programmes. The NUC provides a full listing of recognised federal, state and private universities in Nigeria. * The National Examinations Council?   (NECO) is responsible for conducting the Junior and Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE), as is the West African Examination Council (WAEC). * The National Business and Technical Examinations Board (NABTEB) conducts the National Technical Certificate (NTC)/National Business Certificate (NBC) examinations, as well as the advanced level versions of these exams in a number of trades/discipline such as engineering and construction. * The National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) has responsibility for the establishment of minimum standards in polytechnics, technical colleges and other technical institutions in the Federation. In addition to providing standardised minimum guide curricula for technical and vocational education and training. The NBTE supervises and regulates, through an accreditation process, the programmes offered by technical institutions at secondary and post-secondary levels. It is also involved with the funding of polytechnics owned by the Government of the Federation of Nigeria. The NBTE provides a full listing of approved polytechnics and technical colleges in Nigeria. * The National Commission for Colleges and Education co-ordinates all aspects of non-degree teacher education in Nigeria. * The Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) conducts the Matriculation Examination for entry into all universities, polytechnics and colleges of education in Nigeria. * The National Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC) was established in 1972 to encourage, promote and coordinate educational research programmes in Nigeria. This agency provides significant data on educational problems within Nigeria and its work underpins the reform agenda nationally. The Federal Ministry of Education owns and runs universities, polytechnics, technical colleges, colleges of education and secondary schools. The remaining tertiary institutions are owned and funded by state governments, while other secondary schools are owned and funded by state governments, communities and private organizations.The administration and management of state government-owned secondary schools falls under the remit of state Ministries of Education. The administration of public primary schools falls under the local education authorities. Aims/Goals of Education in Nigeria The purpose of education refers to the aims, goals and objectives of education. Abimbola (1993), while clarifying curriculum aims, goals and objectives, cited Zais (1976) who proposed the use of purposes as targets because he, (Zais) is of the opinion that aims, goals and objectives are purposes at differing target distances and levels of specifity. Aims are the expression of purpose at the highest level such as the national level which can only be achieved in a distant future after the child has passed out of school. Aims according to Broudy (1971), are statements that describe expected life outcomes based on some value schemes either consciously or unconsciously borrowed from philosophy (p. 306). Aims are not related directly to school or classroom outcomes. Goals and Objectives are educational purposes directly related to school and classroom outcomes respectively. Goals are expression of purposes specified for achievement at each level of education. When the purpose of education for a country is being discussed, the term aim of education may be used. Purpose of Education in Nigeria The purpose of education in Nigeria includes unparalleled development of science and its application to industry and technology for better living. The National Policy on Education spells out the purpose of Education in Nigeria as an Instrument par excellence for effecting national development; to use education as a tool to achieve its national objectives; to make such education relevant to the needs of the individual and set its goal in terms of the kind of society desired in relation to the environment and realities of the modern world and rapid social changes (p. iv).In section 1, (p. 7) of the National Policy on Education,the observation is made that since the national policy on education is geared toward achieving that part of its national objectives that can be achieved using education as a tool, no policy on education ban be formulated without first identifying the whole philosophy and objectives of the nation. Reference is therefore made to the five main national objectives of Nigeria already stated in the National Development plan and endorsed as the necessary foundation for the National Policy on Education. These are the building of: a free and democratic society; a just and egalitarian society; a united, strong and self-reliant nation;a great and dynamic economy and a land of bright and full opportunities for citizens The implication of this is that the Nigeria Philosophy of Education according to Adeyinka (1992) is based on: The integration of the individual into a sound and effective citizen; and Equal education opportunities at all levels, both within and outside the formal school system. For the philosophy to be in harmony with Nigerias national objective, it has to be geared towards the values, aims and objectives stated at the National curriculum conference of 1969 and specifically stated in the National Policy on Education as the General Objectives of Education in Nigeria which are as follows: (a) The inculcation of the right type of values and attitudes for the survival of the individual and of society. This is an objective which can concern mainly the affective domain; (b) The inculcation of national consciousness and national unity. This is also an objective mainly in the affective domain; (c) The training of the mind in the understanding of the world around. This is aimed at developing the intellectual aspect of human beings. (d) The acquisition of appropriate skills, abilities and competencies both mental and physical as equipment for the individual to live and contribute to the development of his society. This objective is aimed at developing the intellectual, affective and psychomotor domains of human nature simultaneously. This is why education should be seen as aiming to develop all aspects of human persons simultaneously. Aims of Education in Nigeria Nigeria has been classified over the years among the developing nations of the world. That is, among those nations that are not as technologically advanced as Europe, United States of America and the Russia. These Countries are known to be largely illiterate and poor. They lack medical facilities especially when compared with the technologically advanced countries. The aims of education in these countries will be how to eradicate these problems. The aim of education in developing countries has been summarized by Adeyinka and Kolawde (1995) as follows: 1. Learning to live according to the old traditions of the people (society). 2. Learning to live according to the traditions of other countries in order to imbibe their religion, their culture and their social life. 3.Learning to live modern life of technologically advanced countries. Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Kenya and Lesotho, all in Africa, have a common trend. All of them were colonies under European countries which became independent after serving their masters for a number of years. These countries and some others have been striving for a stable government, dynamic economy and education that can deliver the goods. This is the root of the aims of education in developing countries stated below: 1. To promote national unity and international understanding; 2. To remove social inequalities, poverty, high-way robbery, hunger, diseases, squalor; illiteracy, ignorance, superstition, pride and fear; 3. To provide individual happiness and pleasure, self- realization, public morality and aesthetic development; 4. To train for good citizenship, health improvement, vocational competence, industrial and commercial developments and adult literacy; 5. To produce adequate manpower for economic development so that there could be less dependence on expatriates; 6. To create a society with high moral standards; 7. To eradicate the problem of economic and technological dependence on the advanced countries of the world; and 8. To promote public enlightenment and civilized behavior. (Adeyinka, et al; 1995) Financing of Education in Nigeria Financing of basic education All three tiers of government†federal, state, and local†fund primary education. Federal and state governments: Capital expenditures (buildings, books, and furniture) come from the federal and state governmentsâ„ ¢ share of the Federation Account.The Federation Account holds all federally collected revenues. The funds are divided among the three tiers of government according to a formula determined by the NationalAssembly. Some of the funds in this account accrue from government-owned mineral resources, a set percentage (13%) of which is returned to the states, apportioned on the basis of the statesâ„ ¢ original contributions. Thereafter, 15% of VAT revenues are distributed to the federal government, 50% to state governments, and 35% to local governments. Of the funds remaining within the Federation Account, 54.7% goes to the federal government, 24.7% to state governments, and 20.6% to local governments.State governments also pay the recurrent costs for managing State Primary Education Boards (SPEBs), Local Government Education Authorities (LGEAs), and primary schools. Local governments: The local governmentsâ„ ¢ 20.6% share of the Federation Account results in two types of local funding for education. First, at the state level, a percentage of the local share (a first charge) is set aside for primary school teachersâ„ ¢ salaries and allowances. Local governments may then use a part of what remains for direct assistance to primary schools. They also contribute own-source revenues to primary education. Financing Higher Education. Higher education relates to all forms of post-secondary education such as the Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Education, Monotechnics and Professional schools (Abdu 2003). Oghenekohwo (2004) classified the funding of higher education into two regimes namely: Pre-deregulation regime Deregulation regime In the pre-deregulation regime, higher education funding in Nigeria was done by government or public funding alone. High priority was accorded to funding higher education, thereby creating a wrong impression amongst Nigerians that funding of higher education is the exclusive preserve of governments. On the other hand in the deregulation regime, which is mostly a post Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) inevitability, things began to change. The benefits of the acquisition of any higher education programme now went largely to the individual as a private good for which beneficiaries and their families should pay.In the submission of Okebukola (2003), he noted that an additional concomitant of the private good is that, grants have been changed to loans, pacing major burdens on many university graduates. The financing of education should be the function of all the major stakeholders. This is because government alone cannot fund higher education. There are many stakeholders involved in the success of any educational system. The major stakeholders include the governments, educational institutions, parents/guardians and the private sector that employs the output of these institutions. Others include the students and the society in general. In private institutions, the incidence lies mostly on the individual while for the public sector ownership it lays on the public sector. The benefits of higher education should be identified. Some studies argued that education service should be above market forces and therefore should be provided free meaning that government should bear the cost of education so that the poor in the society can also get education. Other studies believed that not all levels of education ensures equity but rather there is higher private returns in higher education and as such individuals should be made to bear the cost of their higher education (Psacharopolous, 1996), while funding by the government should be limited to the basic education alone. Teaching Profession in Nigeria. In the past, to teach in primary school a person needed a Teacher Certificate Grade II (TCGDII) from four years of secondary school at a Grade II Teacher-training college. These were phased out after 1998, when the Nigerian Certificate of Education (NCE) became the required diploma for all primary and junior secondary school teachers. In 1996, out of approximately 420,000 primary school teachers in the country, about 80 percent had either the NCE or TCGDII (equally divided between the two). The government created the National Teachers Institute (NTI) in 1978 to conduct programs that would upgrade teacher qualifications to the NCE level, with most of this training carried out by distance learning. Between 1993 and 1996, the NTI graduated 34,486 in their NCE distance learning programs. In 2000, it trained 20,000 teachers. A Bachelor of Education program with NTI received approval by the government at the end of 2000. NTI also conducts workshops and conferences on curriculum development and in other areas of teacher training. To teach in senior secondary schools a person must have either a bachelors degree in education or a bachelors degree in a subject field combined with a postgraduate diploma in education. The faculty in senior secondary schools are among the best qualified in the country, almost all holding bachelors degree. A few teachers possess the NCE. The bachelors degree programs in education are offered at major teacher universities. Of the 63 colleges of education offering the three-year NCE program, about a third are owned by the federal government, and about half by state governments. The remaining are privately owned. All are under the supervision of the National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE), which sets and maintains standards and approves of courses and programs for all universities in Nigeria. To teach at Nigerian universities, teachers must have qualifications that are similar to professors at U.S. and European universities, usually a doctorate. At the university level, the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) represents university faculty, and the Senior Staff Association of Nigerian Universities (SSANU) bargains for the senior non-academic workers. The Academic Staff Unions of Polytechnics (ASUP) represents polytechnic faculty members. These unions are very active. The major teacher organization representing primary and secondary school teachers is the Nigeria Union of Teachers. Although it is very active, NUT has been unable to change the unsatisfactory conditions under which teachers work. Another major concern of teachers is salary. Not only is payment often incomplete, but the salaries are low. Salaries are set by the local, state, and federal governments, depending on which level controls the institution.. Challenges of Education in Nigeria Education is the bedrock of development. But unfortunately education in Nigeria is bisected with myriads of problems. These include: Poor Preparation and Malpractices: Experts in the education sector have been able to identify examination malpractices with poor preparation of students for an examination, and lack of self confidence. In view of the rising costs of education students and even their parents will not ordinarily want to be held back by any form of deficit or failure in any of the required subjects hence will go to any length to ensure success.In some cases, some teachers at the secondary school level are involved by way of encouraging students to contribute money in order to secure the needed assistance during such examinations because they, the teachers are left with no other alternative considering the fact that they are aware of the inadequate preparation of their students as well as the lack of facilities to get them properly prepared before examination. Exploitation and Educational Standard:A close assessment of activities in schools have revealed that, students are made to suffer undue amount of exploitation by school heads at both private and public schools in the name of enrolment fees and assurance of success in their examination and this they do in collaboration with the ministry officials who are suppose to inspect and monitor activities in schools to ensure standard compliance. Despite the fact that most of the schools lack basic learning facilities and a complete set of teachers. In like manner, students are being surcharged in a number of ways in tertiary institutions either in the name of dues that are not accounted for, force purchase of reading and other learning materials at exorbitant rate or on services of which staff are being paid for as assigned responsibility and official provision made by the respective institution. All these lead to lowering of the academic ability of students. Orientation and Educational Standard: In view of the prevalence of examination malpractices and other related irregularities in schools at all levels this day, the interest and habit of reading, procurement of books and other skills development materials has drastically dwindled among a number of students. This trend is also observed to have close relationship with rising sexual promiscuity among students. Poor Parenting /Guidance Parenting, entails caring, protection,guidance, provision of basic needs for a child up keep in order for him or her to be properly equipped to meet with the challenges of life, in accordance with the laws of the land. In desperation, many parents have decided to bring in additional innovation by way of not only involve in encouraging, but also finance activities in and around examination venues to effect malpractices in order to brighten the chances of their children or wards in qualifying examination to higher institutions and some even progress on this act through the tertiary level of education. Poverty and Fall in Standard: Acquisition of Education knowledge is supposed to help us fight against-poverty, ignorance and disease. The process of acquiring this well desired knowledge has gradually turned money spinning venture for many of those in dire need of the knowledge and skill. It is now a source of exploitation from the service seekers with little or no consideration for quality of service rendered and facilities on ground, and made an offer for the highest bidder. A trend which has cut across all levels of education, from nursery school to tertiary institutions. The concept, poverty, refers to a situation and process of serious deprivation or lack of resources and materials necessary for living within a minimum standard conducive for human dignity and well being (NEST, 1992: 16). Admission and being in school today is merely an ability to pay what is demanded in monetary terms by school operators and not on what could be offered academically. And this in essence widens t he scope of poverty prevalence as well as the gap between the rich and the poor which education is designed to bridge. Little wonder why graduates from many of the institutions exhibits ignorance towards societal realities and lack of creativity, due to the inadequacies associated with the learning and training process which is also observed to be partly because many of those that offer this service do so with greed. The Need for Research Development: This research sub-sector that is grossly neglected in Nigeria and play upon indiscriminately is the basis for the socio economic, political, scientific and technological advancement of our most admired developed nations of the world today. Therefore, conscious effort towards qualitative and durable educational system needs to be put in place for posterity in Nigeria. Funding /Constrains: The gross under funding of the educational sector in the country in general and the neglect of the maintenance of the physical facilities. Instructional and living conditions have deteriorated in many of these schools, classrooms, libraries and laboratories are nothing to write home about, all leading to decline in academic standards. Attention must be focused on these areas too if these educational institution are to get out of the woods and this is only possible through adequate funding. Since 1986 when the federal military government introduced the structural adjustment programme SAP, allocation of financial resource started to fall coupled with the consistent decline in the value of local currency till date. Which have also consistently affected the procurement of imported technical and scientific equipments, books, journals and other instructional needs in the educational system. Education system in Nigeria today, needs a total overhauling and restructuring, this reform is required to improve the performance of higher education in the country, the nation entered the 21st century insufficiently prepared to cope or compete in the global economy, where growth will be based even more heavily on technical and scientific knowledge (World Bank 1994). It is also a well known fact that the inadequacies always observed among many undergraduates and graduates alike is as a result of the inadequacies associated with the primary and the secondary education system in Nigeria. Though, the system is expensive to keep afloat, quality however in any form is partly a function of the total fund made available to the system and judiciously utilized for the purpose to which it is meant for. Funds are required and necessary to maintain both the human and material resources of the system in order to achieve desired goals. Also there is the need for an effective monitoring of the management of fund presently being allocated to the sector, as effort should be intensify to improve on what is currently being allocated to the system. Organizational Influence on Educational Standard Many viewers have observed that, most corporate organizations today in the country are fond of employing series of measures which are in effect bias and unproductive. They indulge in an unfair selective judgment on applicants seeking employment opportunity into their establishment, by way of using certificate grades as well as institution attended as prerequisites for interview attendance and recruitment. In some cases, they rather prefer candidates with first class and second class grade certificate and those that attended the first generation universities at the detriment of some others with lesser grade who might be better if given equal opportunity. This is their own way of encouraging irregularities and malpractices in the process of grade acquisition by prospective job seekers, therefore compromising standard and perpetual dependence on the services of foreign expatriates for both medium and high tech services. Lessons for Kenya. It has been said that the criteria for assessing any educational system are: the curriculum of study, the state of infrastructural facilities, the quality of students, the quality and quantity of staff, the competence of leadership, the level of funding and the direction and consistency of policy. In the area of curriculum and policy in Nigeria, the main problem is not with formulation as such but implementation. The implementation of laudable policies has often been hampered by incessant change of government, unstable academic calendars, poor and inadequate facilities, lack of motivation for staff, insecurity of life and property and the unwillingness of the products to make positive contribution to society. In this, Kenya can learn the importance of consistency in implementation of education policies despite changes in political leadership. Also the importance of proper motivation of teachers to ensure efficient and effective curriculum implementation. Failure to adhere to effective curriculum implementation may lead Kenya the Nigerian way i.e. the Nigerian system churns out a morally decadent and intellectually inept child who is a threat to both parents and society. The Nigerian youth are yet to imbibe the right type of values and attitudes. Rather, Nigerian schools and campuses have become breeding grounds for cultism, gangsterism, hooliganism, armed robbery, sexual promiscuity, examination malpractices, and a host of other vices. Instead of producing pragmatic and altruistic students, the Nigerian educational system churns out students who are egoistic, individualistic and escapists who are not interested in solving societys problems. In Nigeria, another area of serious decline is that of staffing. Time has gone when teachers were the best both in character and learning. What we have today is a pathetic story of pathetic teachers producing pathetic citizens. Kenya can learn the critical need of proper vetting of teachers to weed out rogue teachers before they teach wrong doctrine by bad example. A body to do the same needs to be put in place as the TSC seems overwhelmed by its broad mandate. Teacher qualification is another area Kenya can borrow from Nigeria. While in Kenya people with a teaching certificate teach in primary schools, Nigeria is moving to diploma holders at this level. Their tactic of systematic neglect has turned Nigerian educational institutions to an arena of the absurd. Apart from under-paying teachers (which had led to massive brain-drain), the money allocated to education falls kilometers short of the UNESCO recommended 25% of annual budget. The Kenyan primary free education concept can learn the importance of proper funding and the need to follow up to ensure the money ends up in the right use failure to which the poor state of infrastructure and consequent poor performance in public institutions will persist. With the coming into being of county governments in Kenya, the system of financing lower cadres of the education system can be adopted from Nigeria so that the central government concentrates on the higher levels of education financing. Bibliography Abimbola (1993) Guiding Philosophical perspectives U.M.O Ivowi, (Ed.) Curriculum development in Nigeria, (pp. 4-16) Ibadan: Sam Bookman Educational And Communication Services. Zais, R.S. (1976). Curriculum: Principles and foundations. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. Inc. Broudy, H.S. (1971). The philosophical foundations of educational objectives. In M. Levit (Ed.) Curriculum: Reading in philosophy of education. University of Illinois Press. Adeyinka, A.A. (1992). Book of reading in educational theory and practice in A. Akinyemi, (Ed.) llorin:Institute of Education, University of llorin, llorin, Nigeria Adeyinka, A.A. Kolawole D. (1995). History and philosophy of education. Unpublished Manuscript, Available for the Department of Education Foundations University of llorin, llorin, Nigeria. Abdu, P.S (2003) The Cost and Finance of Education in Nigeria Education Today Quarterly; June, Vol. 10 (1); 12 â€Å" 16 Oghenekohwo, J.E. (2004) Deregulation Policy and Its Implication of the Funding of the University Education in Nigeria in Journal of Research ion Education, Jan June Vol 3 (1) Pg 204-224. Okebukola, P (2003) Issues in Funding University Education in Nigeria. NUC Monograph Series, Abuja, MUC. Psacharopoulos, G. (1984) The Contribution of Education to Economic Growth International Comparisons in J. Kendrick (ed) International Productivity Comparisons and Cause of the Showdown. Cambridge Mass: Ballenger Aina, A.T. and A. T. Salau.1992. The challenge of sustainable Development in Nigeria. Nigerian Environment Study/Action Team (NEST). An NGO report prepared for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, June 1-12, p. 8, 16. World Bank (1994). Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience. Washington D.C: The World Bank. Online sources http://www.rti.org/pubs/Financing_Education_Nigeria.pdf accessed on 26th January 2011 http://www.mapsofworld.com/nigeria/education/ accessed on 26th January 2011

Marsiglia final essay

Marsiglia final essay Ryan RusaMrs. MarsigliaScifi and fantasy/Period 4May 20, 2013Why an Apocalypse?Why do people feel the need to prepare for an improbable zombie apocalypse? Many apocalyptic/ post-apocalyptic media has influenced us today. People watch too much movies about the apocalypse. They watch doomsday movies, zombie movies, aliens, etc. Some examples include 2012, I am Legend, Walking Dead, Terminator, Judgment day, etc. Does this kind of media have a good or bad influence on us? People need to focus more on preparing for real-life disasters, rather than try to live in a fantasy world. This includes tsunamis, earthquakes, economic depressions, and any other form of disaster that will force you to survive.Apocalyptic movies have affected us both in a good way and a bad way. People always say that the apocalypse is near and come up with a ridiculous date that the world is going to end.Apocalypse?Do you know what has happened on those days that were predicted? Absolutely nothing. When their theori es are proven wrong, they try to convince people with their theories again once another person predicts another day that the world is going to end. There is an article called, 5 people who will be disappointed the world didn't end today, by Luis Prada. There was a man in the article that had apparently built a $14,000 ark to protect him and his family during the apocalypse. All the kids probably laughed at him on December 22, 2012. There was another lady who was completely ridiculous. This woman's name is Nancy Lieder and she is crazy. In 1995, she had introduced the "Planet X Theory." The theory was that a planet was going to sneak up on us and hit Earth, destroying life on Earth. She predicted the world would end in...

Directly and completely answer the following questions. Include Essay

Directly and completely answer the following questions. Include specific examples from the story in your answer, and if you use secondary sources, be sure to include the correct documentation - Essay Example It forces him to value and prize personal closeness of life at home and the willingness of enduring hardship because of his beliefs. Even though he is afraid, the narrator makes a decision of going back home so that he can reclaim his identity, an identity he lost at the time he left his home. In his attitude towards civilization, it is apparent that the narrator is rejecting the white dominated civilization. It is entirely because of the personal, unhurried, aesthetic, and the passive values of his home, in combination with the profound sense of identification with the home environment as a physical place. It is clear that the narrator feels he does not fit the white society since he is a Native American. It is through this discontent with the present environment combined with his present place in society that creates the conflict of his attitudes. In the story, the major antagonist is the set of values created by the white culture, while another antagonist may include a cold weather and the sadistic threat of Denver Bob. The statement means that the narrator is alone, but not so lonely as compared to when he was back at school. Even though he might still be lonely, he is not as lonely as compared to the time he was at school. The quote comes at a time when the narrator was nearing the end of his journey (Tarver et al. 57). As he is walking along the train tracks that are leading him back home, he recognizes how lonely he was. The loneliness bases on the sense of being separated from the beliefs, the people, and the attitudes of his Indian upbringing while he was at school. Now that he is walking by himself, alone, but he is no longer lonely. In this essence, the author has no physical companion, but the world of animals and plants help keep him company as he is finishing his return home. Blue winds refer to the society

Discuss two critical challenges facing business in the next 10 years Essay

Discuss two critical challenges facing business in the next 10 years and what part management process will play in the developme - Essay Example Business leaders encounter numerous challenges in keeping their businesses growing as the economy deteriorates. Establishing a business remains an outstanding accomplishment for numerous entrepreneurs, even though upholding one remains a challenge. There are numerous elements such as hiring appropriate persons, constructing brands, and maintenance of a business. Business limitations touched on fundamental aspects of space and time. Partners, when not busy, could converse in person. Presently, technology has granted businesses conference and email-hosting capacities. Additionally, business prototypes are moving towards accepting more instant communication in every framework (Group, Bespoke Investment 1). This implies businesses should become conversant with performing important businesses around the world at any prearranged timing. This is because distances no longer matter, and communication capabilities are becoming pervasive. Additionally, businesses are becoming politically active . Businesses in America should encompass opinions on political matters such as immigration and guideline. In such instance, businesses will not straightforwardly pick out the path towards anything that increases their profits, rather than aspects that will function best during the existing political climate. Presently, customers examine the political leanings of businesses when deciding on companies to frequent (5 issues facing small businesses in 2013 1). Uncertainty A significant proportion of the populace especially business leaders especially are uneasy with uncertainty. Uncertainty regarding global economy, credit markets, and ways through which innovative technology will influence businesses, pose numerous challenges. The result is that uncertainty results in the short-term concentration. Businesses are drawing back from long-term plans, in place of short-term concentration owing to the excuse of uncertainty. Failure to strategically plan10-years into the future could end up d amaging value. The problem requiring solution is balancing the need for more responsive, short-term concentration with the necessity for cognizant, long-term approaches (Shelton 1). There is an increasing marking of conflicts between individual and team skills within the business world. Businesses require the experience of coping with such paradox. In order to fashion an efficient labor force, businesses should overcome the uncertainty tension. Companies could meet the challenge through offering additional creative packages of benefits and become further interested in the emotional health and well-being of employees. Businesses could accomplish this ideology through centering on employees’ lifestyle aspects, attempt to encourage creativity and well-being amongst others (Love 1). Technology The pace of technological advancement is exponential making capital investments beneficial to businesses. Other businesses choose to postpone their realization of comparative advantages by waiting for the next generation technology. Similarly, the capacity for the unsurpassed technologists to remain informed regarding emerging technologies remains a challenge when mastering the current technology of the business. The challenge involves developing long-term technology strategies, whilst remaining flexible enough to grasp unanticipated technological advantages (Brooks and Paul 128). Businesses could find it particularly difficult dealing with the rapid changes in business

Leadership and teamwork in nursing

Leadership and teamwork in nursing ABSTRACT Introduction: The treatment of vertebral osteomyelitis includes antibiotics with or without surgical intervention. Debridement is warranted for the treatment of idiopathic spondylo-discitis in case of neurological deficits, deformity, instability, abscess formation, intractable pain or failure of medical management. The use of instrumentation is still controversial. Objective: Is to evaluate the surgical outcome of idiopathic lumbar spondylodiscitis treated with posterior debridement combined with single-stage posterior instrumentation and autologus bone grafting. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the outcome of 15 cases of idiopathic lumbar spondylo-discitis treated with posterior debridement combined with single-stage posterior instrumentation and grafting. All patients were followed up for up to 1 year post-operative. We evaluated operative time, blood loss, and complications. Visual analogue scale (VAS), activities of daily living (ADL) (Barthel index), C reactive proteins (CRP), and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in the preoperative, postoperative and final follow-up periods were used to evaluate the surgical outcome. Results: All 15 cases of lumbar infections resolved without recurrence. Bony union was obtained in all cases. Twelve out of 15 patients (80%) were completely relieved of pain and fully active with improvement neurological deficits, while the other 3 patients (20%) obtained a good result. No post-operative major complications were reported among the studied group. There were two superficial infections, which healed with debridement and antibiotics. Conclusion: According to the results reported in this short study, the proposed technique is an effective and safe treatment for idiopathic lumbar spondylo-discitis, if surgery is mandatory. Keywords: spondylo-discitis, debridement, posterior fixation. INTRODUCTION The increasing number of spinal infections has become a global health concern. It is currently due to reactivation of latent infections, more drug resistant agents and more immuno-compromised patients. It has been shown that delay in diagnosis can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, early diagnosis and treatment are therefore of paramount importance.(1) Spinal infections encompass a spectrum of conditions comprising spondylitis, discitis, spondylodiscitis, pyogenic facet arthropathy, epidural infection, meningitis, polyradiculopathy and myelitis. All of these have a specific presentation and clinical course.(2) Osteomyelitis of the spine accounts for approximately 1 to 7% of all osseous infections. In recent years, there have been an increasing incidence of spinal infections, which is now estimated to occur in approximately 1/100,000 individuals annually. This rise may be attributed to the increasing prevalence of elderly and immuno-compromised individuals in the population.(3) The predominant organism in almost all studies is Staphylococcus aureus, accounting for approximately 40 to 80% of all spinal infections. Other Gram-positive organisms such as S. epidermidis and Streptococcus species are also common.(4) Establishing the diagnosis of vertebral osteomyelitis in a timely fashion is critical to preventing catastrophic neurological injury. In the modern imaging era, magnetic resonance imaging, in particular, has facilitated the diagnosis of osteomyelitis even before the onset of neurological signs or symptoms. Nevertheless, despite advancements in diagnosis, there remains disagreement regarding appropriate treatment. Antibiotics are the main- stay of therapy.(5) The treatment of pyogenic spondylodiscitis with intravenous antibiotics is universally agreed upon. More than 75% of patients can be treated with intravenous antibiotics and immobilization.(6) Although no difference in clinical outcomes has been observed when comparing antibiotics alone with antibiotics plus surgical debridement, debridement of infected and dead tissue removes the source of continuing sepsis, may allow shorter courses of antibiotic treatment and may also allow early mobilization of the patient.(7) Surgery is generally reserved for patients with neurological involvement, spinal instability, severe deformity, and/or those in whom antibiotics alone have not been effective. Current surgical treatment options include anterior or posterior decompression with or without fusion, and with or without instrumentation. The fact that there exist several alternative surgical approaches highlights the lack of a consensus on the optimal operative treatment for vertebral osteomyelitis. The decision to place instrumentation into an infected spinal column remains controversial. Numerous authors have shown that instrumentation in patients with osteomyelitis can be performed safely.(8) There is still controversy about the best surgical treatment. Many spine surgeons are unwilling to place an implant in an infected area. Some authors go one step further and advocate debridement-only surgery, followed by antibiotic treatment and second- stage instrumentation. Other authors propose single-stage anterior decompression, bone grafting and instrumentation.(9) Aim of the work The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the surgical outcome of idiopathic lumbar spondylodiscitis treated with posterior debridement combined with single-stage posterior instrumentation and autologus bone grafting. METHODS This retrospective study included 15 patients (9 males, 6 females) with a mean age of 66 years (range: 43-80) who were admitted to El-Menoufia University Hospitals Neurosurgical Department, in the period from Aug 2007 to Nov 2008. The inclusion criteria were: MRI of lumbo-sacral spine showing evidence of spondylodiscitis. Plain radiographs revealed disc space narrowing with erosion and sclerosis of the adjacent end-plates. Persistent high levels of laboratory tests: white blood cell count (WBC; count/mm3), C-reactive protein (CRP; mg/dl) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; mm/h). Failure of conservative treatment for about 3 months. Development of neurological deficit. The exclusion criteria were: Postoperative spondylodiscitis. Decreasing ESR and CRP levels with conservative treatment. Medically unfit patients. The mean duration of symptoms before admission was 3.7 months (range: 0.5 to 12 months) and the mean duration of conservative treatment before surgery was 2.2 months (range: 1 to 3 months). The average follow-up period was 12 months. Six out of 15 patients (40 %) had an elevated white blood cell count, while all 15 had an elevated ESR and CRP level .Plain radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast were performed in all patients. Conservative treatment was given to all cases preoperatively in the form of two bactericidal and synergistic antibiotics were administered intravenously in high doses: mostly a first-generation cephalosporin and an aminoglycoside. Postoperatively, the antibiotics were adapted to the antibiogram performed on the specimens obtained. The duration of treatment was determined by the clinical evolution, the ESR and the C-reactive protein. Generally speaking, the antibiotics were administered intravenously for 6 weeks, and orally for 6 weeks. Patients were operated in the prone position for the posterior instrumentation and grafting. A meticulous debridement of all granulation tissue, devitalized disc and sequestra was carried out to the point where healthy cancellous bone is exposed. Wide decompression of the thecal sac was done, with drainage of any epidural abscess and depridment of any necrotic tissue, which were submitted for bacteriological culture and sensitivity, and histological examination. Finally, trans-pedicular screw fixation was done combined with autologus done chips graft. Postoperatively all patients were immediately mobilized with an external lumbo-sacral orthosis. Duration of surgery and operative blood loss were recorded. The clinical outcome was assessed according to Barthel Index,(10) which has been used since the 1960s because of its high reliability and validity, as regards the activities of daily living (ADL), and the VPAS as regards the severity of back pain. Fig 1: Preoperative sagittal MRI-scan of the lumbar spine. T2-weighted images showing L3-L4 spondylodiscitis. Fig 2: A, B. Postoperative antero-posterior and lateral radiographs showing L3-L4 posterior trans-pedicular screw fixation RESULTS After surgery, infection was successfully controlled in all patients, with return of the white blood cell count, ESR and CRP to normal within a mean period of 4 months (range, 2 to 6 months). Two patients (13% of cases) had a superficial wound infection which healed with debridement and antibiotics. The estimated blood loss was 650 ml (range 450-1000 ml). The mean duration of surgery was 3 hours (range: 2 hours to 4 hours). Bony fusion with incorporation of the graft was achieved in all patients. . Table I: Pre-operative clinical presentations No. % Persistent low back pain 15 100 % Radiculopathy 12 80 % Constitutional symptoms 6 40 % Table II: Pre-operative laboratory findings No. % Elevated ESR 15 100 % Elevated CRP 10 66 % Leukocytosis 6 40 % Table III: Pre-operative radiological leveling No. % L 3/4 spondylodiscitis 8 53 % L4/5 Spondylodiscitis 5 33 % L5/S1 Spondylodiscitis 2 14 % Table IV: Associated risk factors No. % DM 5 33 % Chronic Liver Disease 2 14 % Urinary tract infection 4 28 % Table V: Post-operative outcome according to Barthel Index No. % Excellent 12 80 % Good 3 20 % Total 15 100 % DISCUSSION Although there have been advances in diagnosis and treatment of spinal infections with further refinement of microbiological and histopathological techniques, early detection and management remain a matter of considerable difficulty.(11) A correct diagnosis may be delayed by more than a month in over two thirds of the patients. A rise in the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s elderly and immuno-compromised populations is bringing an increased incidence of pyogenic and granulomatous infections of the spine, hence, timely diagnosis of pyogenic spondylodiscitis with back pain and fever may prevent greater tissue destruction, spinal instability and progressive neurological deficit. Advances in therapy have reduced mortality rates, but early diagnosis is essential for a satisfactory outcome.(12) The exact cause of lumbar spondylodiscitis is controversial; some authors believe that there are two types of spondylodiscitis, a septic form caused by an infectious agent and an aseptic form resulting from an inflammatory reaction. (13) Others believe that there is no such thing as an aseptic spondylodiscitis and that this form is actually the result of a less virulent, low grade infection.(14) Once inoculated, the process of infection and discitis begins. More than often, the main causative organism is not identified. When an organism is identified, the most common infectious etiologic agent is Staphylococcus aureus followed by other Staphylococcus species and anaerobic organisms. Other less common organisms include Streptococcus viridans and other Streptococcus species, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.(15) Traditionally, the mainstay treatment of pyogenic infections of the spine remains medical management, with external immobilization and culture specific antibiotics for a minimum of 4 to 6 weeks. However, large clinical series have demonstrated the need for surgical intervention in up to 43% to 57% of the patients, in case of neurological compromise, deformity, instability, abscess formation, extensive destruction, intractable pain or failure of medical management.(16) Because all the patients in our study were from the low socio-economic class and because of the difficulty to identify the causative organism, we elected not to perform CT guided biopsy and give the patients empirical broad spectrum antibiotics covering both aerobic and anerobic pathogens. It has been reported that the most sensitive laboratory studies indicative of the presence of an inflammatory process are the ESR and the CRP. However, it should be noted that in adults, ESR trends are confused by associated medical conditions. Nevertheless, the ESR was a useful tool in the management of adult pyogenic spondylodiscitis, and the authors of most studies on this matter, view a 60 to 85% reduction in the ESR as compatible with eradication of infection, and this correlates with the results in our study which reported reduction of ESR in 80% of case.(17) MRI is the radiographic imaging modality of choice in diagnosing lumbar spondylodiscitis with a reported sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 97%, respectively. It has been shown that MRI is superior in showing loss of disc space height. This can be accompanied with erosion of the vertebral end plates above and below the infected disc space, and these changes were reported in all cases included in our study.(18) In the surgical treatment of spondylodiscitis, numerous authors have advocated a staged operation with a period of antibiotic therapy bridging the debridement and instrumentation procedures. Open surgical drainage for spondylodiscitis was historically reserved for patients with an epidural abscess. The prognosis is stated to be better when treatment is instituted early during the infection.(19) Posterior debridement combined with trans-pedicular screw fixation has been advocated by several authors. Dai et al(20) obtained 100% of good results with this technique in a series of 22 cases and we used the same technique in this short study. The first series describing the consistent placement of posterior instrumentation at the time of debridement was published in 1988 by Redfern et al(21) In 1996, Rath et al(22) reported on a series of 43 patients with thoracic or lumbar spondylodiscitis who were treated entirely via a posterior approach. This approach is based on the principle that instrumentation placed posteriorly involves a second operating field that is not (at least directly) contaminated. Single-stage procedure surgery (autograft and posterior instrumentation) was used in this study and its results correlates with the Kuklo et al(23) study which included 21 patients with pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis managed by a single-stage with neither recurrence of infection nor perioperative complications. A single-stage procedure has several advantages, such as avoidance of a second anesthesia, reduced blood loss, avoidance of graft displacement during transfers, earlier mobilization, less anxiety for the patient, shortened hospital stay and less expense. (23) According to Barthel Index,(10) 80 % of our patients had an excellent result, without pain or restriction of activity. From a neurological viewpoint, ten patients (83%) of the 12 with a neurological deficit improved and these findings were consistent with Fayazi et al(24) who reported 85% improvement after posterior approach for lumbar spondylo-discitis. After posterior instrumentation, fusion rates up to 93% and 96% have been reported (25) the current study yielded a 100% fusion rate. As stated by Hadjipavlou et al(26) posterior stabilization through instrumentation was the critical factor in these improved results. We believe that posterior instrumentation and grafting is the principal stabilizer of the vertebral column in order to achieve a successful fusion. Conclusion Although this is a limited series, we found that a posterior debridement combined with trans-pedicular screw fixation and autologus grafting may be a safe and effective surgical treatment for selected patients with lumbar spondylodiscitis and may not be associated with recurrent hardware infections and/or any major complications.

College Comp

What did you learn about yourself as a writer? As a thinker? This term I learned as a writer, that I have to break the writer's block but Just free writing and getting all my ideas out there and going back to edit my work. As a thinker I learned how to think and us correct punctuation and to also think about what I am writing and does it make sense. This course has been very beneficial to me, and I will continue to use the skills I have retained throughout my college/professional career. 2)What did you learn about the process of writing?I learned that the process of writing is a Journey. You have to want to embark on the journey to accomplish it and complete the task at hand. Writing a good paper is more than Just throwing words on paper, it critically thinking and executing the process of writing 3)What skills did you develop that might help you in the future? One of the most important skills I have learned is outlining. This has helped me this term to complete my final project. I w ill use this in future writing classes and in my career when writing. 4)What did you take from the larger conversation with others?I learned for the conversation with my classmates how to give constructive criticism as well take the criticism and make the corrections and ensure the end result is great. 5)How did your feedback from peers and your instructor affect the revision of your blueprint, letter to the editor, and presentation? The feedback that I received from my class mated and professor were so helpful in my Journey through this course. They helped me take out UN-useful text, and gave me ideas of where to add text to give my final project the girth it needs to hold my audience's attention.

Wireless Fingerprinting Attendance

This project presents the design methodology of wireless fingerprint management system for easy and time saving attendance. The project is used for the attendance of students at Institution. Since the project is wireless it is portable. As the student impress their fingerprint against the scanner the fingerprint module will match all the points of the fingerprint with the enrolled database. The data is maintained in the main PC. The WIFI present in the raspberry Pi b3 is used for the data transmission. This device use computer or a PC as the host device to store and verify the fingerprints. Through this automatic system time and manpower is reduced to great extent.Keywords-wireless communication, fingerprint module, raspberry Pi b3, host device. Aiming at the disadvantages of traditional wire attendance system, a design method of wireless fingerprint attendance system based on inbuilt WIFI technology is proposed. The system includes terminal fingerprint acquisition module and attendance management module in computer. It can realize automatically such functions as information acquisition of fingerprint, processing, wireless transmission, fingerprint matching, and attendance management. However, the inclusion of integrated Bluetooth 4.1 and 802.11n WIFI will please many, as it'll reduce the need to scour component sites for cheap USB dongles. The Wi-Fi is particularly good news, as it means you'll no longer need to take up one of your precious USB ports with a Wi-Fi adaptor. The experiment results show the transmission time is saved over one third and transmission efficiency is improved greatly. It realized low-cost and high-performance wireless fingerprint attendance function, which provided a new wireless fingerprint attendance system for enterprises and institutions. In the proposed paper complete development and implementation of attendance management system is provided. Various modulus which constitutes different parts of the attendance management system are explained using their hardware requirement.SYSTEM DISCRIPTIONThe description of complete attendance management system is given below. The below two sections 2.1 and 2.2 tells us completely about the hardware used in the system and the structure of the system. In the Section 2.2 the flow of the data that is shared with the database or the server in the attendance system is shown.2.1. System Hardwarea) Fingerprint module: The GT-511C3 is a fingerprint module which consists of a fingerprint scanner. It is a small embedded module that consists of an optical sensor mounted on a small circuit board. The optical sensor sca ns a fingerprint and the microcontroller and the software provides the modules functionality which automatically processes the scanned finger. The FPS consists of four pins as shown in fig(a). The pins are as follows: Fig. a Fingerprint Module1-UART Transmit (3.3V)2-UART Receive (3.3V)3-GND 4-Vin (5V)b) RASPBEERY PI B3-Fig. b Raspberry Pi b3c) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)-Fig. c LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)2.2. Data flow in the systemThe system consists of two parts i.e. a) the ‘hardware' part and b) the ‘software' part. The hardware includes all the components listed above in the figure including the LED, switches etc. The data flow in the fingerprint management system is shown in fig. d .Fig. d Flow of dataThe Enrolment and Authentication is done using the fingerprint scanner present in the fingerprint module. This fingerprint module is connected to the Raspberry Pi interfacing pins also called as GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins. The fingerprint module works in majorly two modes Master Mode- In this mode every student will be getting registered as a new user and that data will be stored in the ROM present in the fingerprint module with a unique id.User Mode- In this mode we will be verifying the scanned images with the stored images. During this verification if the match is available than the data is further send to the Raspberry Pi and through it is stored in the database.The flow of the project is as shown below:Fig .e Flow of project.

Quotes About Courage From the Cowardly Lion

The Cowardly Lion from The Wizard of Oz lives up to his name, at least at the beginning of the 1939 film. We eventually learn that hes not really a coward;  rather, the Lion thinks he is  because he doesnt ​believe in himself. By the end of the film, the Cowardly Lion performs several courageous acts without realizing his bravery. The Cowardly Lion Is Caught Faking Bravery The first time  the Lion encounters Dorothy, the  Scarecrow,  and the Tin Man, Dorothy smacks him on the nose for being a bully. She quickly realizes hes all bluster: Dorothy:  My goodness, what a  fuss youre making! Well, naturally, when  you go around picking on things weaker than you are. Why, youre nothing but a great big coward!Cowardly Lion:  [crying] Youre right, I am a coward! I havent any courage  at all. I even scare myself.  [sobbing]  Look at the circles under my eyes. I havent slept in weeks!Tin Man:  Why dont you try counting sheep?Cowardly Lion:  That doesnt do any good, Im afraid of em. The Cowardly Lions Funny Fear Joke The Cowardly Lion doesnt usually let his nervousness keep him from doing the right thing. He has a sense of humor about it, too. In one scene, he wants to be brave and save Dorothy  but has to make a joke first: Cowardly Lion: All right, Ill go in there for Dorothy. Wicked Witch or no Wicked Witch, guards or no guards, Ill tear them apart. I may not come out alive, but Im going in there. Theres only one thing I want you fellows to do.Tin Man and Scarecrow: Whats that?Cowardly Lion: Talk me out of it! The Cowardly Lion Shows His Bravery By the time he encounters the Wicked Witchs palace guards, the Lion has had enough. If hes afraid, he doesnt show it (we suspect that he is but is putting on a brave front): Cowardly Lion: Put em up, put em up! Which one of you first? Ill fight you both together if you want. I’ll fight you with one paw tied behind my back. I’ll fight you standing on one foot. I’ll fight you with my eyes closed...oh, pullin’ an axe on me, eh? Sneaking up on me, eh? The Cowardly Lions Thoughts on Courage In his most famous song, the Lion muses on what it would be like if he had courage (not realizing he already has plenty): Cowardly Lion: [singing]Im afraid theres no denyinIm just a dandy-lionA fate I dont deserveIm sure I could show my prowessBe a lion, not a mouseIf I only had the nerve Just before meeting  the Wizard in the Emerald City, the Cowardly Lion muses about what it would be like to be the king of the forest,  imagining that everyone would respect and fear him: Dorothy:  Your Majesty, if you were king, you wouldnt be afraid of anything?Cowardly Lion:  Not nobody! Not nohow!Tin Man:  Not even a rhinoceros?Cowardly Lion:  Imposerous!Dorothy:  How about a hippopotamus?Cowardly Lion:  Why, Id thrash him from top to bottomus!Dorothy:  Supposing you met an elephant?Cowardly Lion:  Id wrap him up in cellophane!Scarecrow:  What if it were a brontosaurus?Cowardly Lion:  Id show him who was king of the forest!